![]() It is a recurrent theme in science fiction scholars have divided it into utopian, emphasising the potential benefits, and dystopian, emphasising the dangers. ![]() Utopian and dystopian visions Īrtificial intelligence is intelligence demonstrated by machines, in contrast to the natural intelligence displayed by humans and other animals. Beings with at least some appearance of intelligence were imagined, too, in classical antiquity. The creature in Mary Shelley's 1818 Frankenstein has also been considered an artificial being, for instance by the science fiction author Brian Aldiss. Similar ideas were also discussed by others around the same time as Butler, including George Eliot in a chapter of her final published work Impressions of Theophrastus Such (1879). ![]() This drew on an earlier (1863) article of his, Darwin among the Machines, where he raised the question of the evolution of consciousness among self-replicating machines that might supplant humans as the dominant species. The notion of advanced robots with human-like intelligence dates back at least to Samuel Butler's 1872 novel Erewhon. A didrachm coin depicting the winged Talos, an automaton or artificial being in ancient Greek myth, c.
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